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amide) or the bridges mediated by ions.Īlternatively, the piercings through the loop may be analyzed using the GLN. By default, only the disulfide bridges are taken into account but the user may also include other covalent bridges (e.g. In the case of PDB or mmCIF files, the bridges are recognized automatically. To perform such analysis, the user has to specify the indices of the loop closing bridge. This technique was used to analyze polymer rings in melt and to analyze the organization of chromatin domains or to identify complex lasso proteins, where the tail pierces the loop closed by a disulfide bridge (Figure (Figure1). The coordinates of the surface-forming triangles may be exported or used to analyze piercings through the loop (minimal surface method). Spanning minimal surface and detection of surface piercingsĪnother feature of the Topoly package is the ability to construct a triangulated minimal surface spanning a closed loop. To study statistics, or simply to test the behavior of the functions provided, the user may also generate random loops and lassos (tadpoles), -curves, two-component links and handcuff graphs (dumbbells). Exemplary structures, which can be analyzed with Topoly, are presented in Figure Figure1. Apart from standard knot-determining techniques (Alexander, Conway, Jones and HOMFLY-PT polynomials ) it includes less-known methods (Kauffman and APS Brackets, Kauffman and BLM/Ho polynomials ), a polynomial for the analysis of spatial graphs (Yamada polynomial ), minimal surface analysis to identify the lasso topology or the Gauss linking number (GLN). Topoly is a Python3 package, allowing one to identify and analyze any polymers’ topology studied so far.

To address this need, we have developed a flexible and powerful tool-the Topoly package ( ). However, such an approach is not sufficient when one needs to perform a meticulous analysis of the whole library of polymer structures, use non-standard methods or analyze new topologies (such as branched polymers). For some topologies (usually knots or links), one may use some dedicated web servers, plugins or stand-alone packages. Therefore, a tool automatically identifying the nontrivial topology is required. However, for complex structures, the identification of the topologically nontrivial motif becomes a time-consuming and hard task even for specialists. The inclusion of branching points showed the existence of the -curve topology, lasso motif or cystine knots, where the depth of the piercing affects the properties of the polymer. In particular, the effect of knots, slipknots and links in linear polymers was studied in designed compounds, DNA and proteins. Recently, researchers moved one step further and focused on the analysis of the influence of the topology on the properties of polymers. In the 20th century, great attention was paid to monitor the chirality of the compounds. The symbol you clicked should now appear on the document you’re typing in.The history of science provides dozens of cases when the properties of matter were dictated not by its composition, but rather by its spatial arrangements. A dialog box with different symbols you can use would appear. If you have a hard time remembering these keyboard combinations and codes, you can always use the symbols menu.

Copyright keyboard shortcut mac code#

Remember that there should be no space in between typing the code and pressing Alt + x. Press down the Ctrl and Alt keys then, press C.

Copyright keyboard shortcut mac mac#

This works on Word on a Mac computer too.

The easiest way is to type C inside a parenthesis (C). All these methods are written below and you can follow whichever is easier for you to remember. There are multiple ways on how you can type the copyright on Microsoft Word.

Simply press and hold the Option key then, press G. Typing symbols in Mac is simple because the keyboard combinations are easy to remember.

Click COPY and then paste it on the document or file you intend to use it in.

Locate the copyright mark and double click the symbol to select.

Search for the Character Map app on your computer by typing ‘Character Map’ on the search box on your task bar.

If your keyboard doesn’t have a numeric keypad, you can use the character map. Make sure that the num lock key is on too. Remember that you can only use these Alt codes by typing the numbers on your numeric keypad. The copyright mark is not part of our keyboards, but there are Alt codes you can use on your computer if your keyboard has a numeric keypad. Just switch to that keyboard, locate the symbol and tap it.

Copyright keyboard shortcut mac android#

On an Android device, you can easily find the copyright symbol on the Numbers-and-Symbols keyboard. To use it, switch to the emoji keyboard and go to the section marked with a musical note, a percentage sign, and two other symbols. The copyright symbol on iPhone is on the emoji keyboard.